class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # The relative VOT productions of L3 French by Spanish-English bilinguals at first exposure ## EPICamp , Fall 2021 ### Kyle Parrish ### Rutgers University</br>Spring 2021</br>Last update: 2021-10-15 --- <style type="text/css"> .remark-slide-content { font-size: 20px; padding: 20px 80px 20px 80px; } .remark-code, .remark-inline-code { background: #f0f0f0; } .remark-code { font-size: 24px; } .huge .remark-code { /*Change made here*/ font-size: 200% !important; } .tiny .remark-code { /*Change made here*/ font-size: 70% !important; } .med .remark-code { /*Change made here*/ font-size: 120% !important; } </style> # Overview .big[.pull-left[ - **Broad question:** How do L3 learners produce sounds at *first exposure* to the language. - **RQ:** When Spanish-English bilinguals hear French words (Spanish-like VOT), will they produce target-like (relative) VOT? ]] -- .big[.pull-right[ - **Design:** *Elicited production tasks* (English, Spanish), *shadowing task* (French) - **Prediction:** L2 influence ]] --- # Experiment .pull-left[ - Participants: **L1 Mexican Spanish**, **L2 English** late bilingual speakers(n = 39) |Factor | Mean| SD| |:-----------|-----:|----:| |AoA | 11.90| 4.07| |Current age | 22.74| 3.43| |Proficiency | 5.26| 0.94| ] .pull-right[ - **Stimuli** - Word initial stops of either - one or two syllables - **Word lists** - *Spanish:* tiro, tema, talla, quiso, queja, cama, piso, pena, pato - *English:* tipping, teller, tacky, penny , pass, parrot, kitten, kennel, cabbage - *French:* tir, terre, tasse, quitte, quelle, pile, pere, patte ] --- # Statistical Analysis - All analyses were carried out in `R` - **Sample size justification**: Power analysis -- - **Inclusion and subsetting**: T.tests -- - **Quantify the effect of language**: GLMM `relative vot ~ language` -- - **Determine equivalence**: TOST --- # Results: all participants .pull-left[.tiny[ **Hybrid values** n = 39 <!-- --> |language | Relative VOT| SD| |:--------|------------:|------:| |english | 0.1342| 0.0567| |french | 0.0896| 0.0603| |spanish | 0.0581| 0.0332| ]] .tiny[.pull-right[ <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none;"> <tr> <th style="border-top: double; text-align:center; font-style:normal; font-weight:bold; padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; "> </th> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: double; text-align:center; font-style:normal; font-weight:bold; padding:0.2cm; ">relative vot z</th> </tr> <tr> <td style=" text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid; font-style:italic; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; ">Predictors</td> <td style=" text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid; font-style:italic; font-weight:normal; ">Estimates</td> <td style=" text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid; font-style:italic; font-weight:normal; ">CI</td> <td style=" text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid; font-style:italic; font-weight:normal; ">p</td> </tr> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; ">(Intercept)</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">1.21</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">0.92 – 1.51</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; "><strong><0.001</td> </tr> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; ">language [french]</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">-0.66</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">-0.96 – -0.36</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; "><strong><0.001</td> </tr> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; ">language [spanish]</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">-1.27</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">-1.56 – -0.97</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; "><strong><0.001</td> </tr> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; ">text [p]</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">-0.95</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">-1.25 – -0.65</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; "><strong><0.001</td> </tr> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; ">text [t]</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">-0.69</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">-0.99 – -0.39</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; "><strong><0.001</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding-top:.8em;">Random Effects</td> </tr> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm;">σ<sup>2</sup></td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; text-align:left;" colspan="3">0.35</td> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm;">τ<sub>00</sub> <sub>participant</sub></td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; text-align:left;" colspan="3">0.14</td> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm;">τ<sub>00</sub> <sub>word</sub></td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; text-align:left;" colspan="3">0.09</td> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm;">ICC</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; text-align:left;" colspan="3">0.39</td> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm;">N <sub>participant</sub></td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; text-align:left;" colspan="3">39</td> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm;">N <sub>word</sub></td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; text-align:left;" colspan="3">26</td> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; border-top:1px solid;">Observations</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; text-align:left; border-top:1px solid;" colspan="3">949</td> </tr> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm;">Marginal R<sup>2</sup> / Conditional R<sup>2</sup></td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; text-align:left;" colspan="3">0.424 / 0.650</td> </tr> </table> ]] --- # Results: L2 subset .pull-left[.tiny[ Subsetting procedure: inconclusive French-English t.tests **Hybrid values** n = 23 <!-- --> |language | Relative VOT| SD| |:--------|------------:|------:| |english | 0.1304| 0.0559| |french | 0.1059| 0.0636| |spanish | 0.0585| 0.0341| ]] .tiny[.pull-right[ <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none;"> <tr> <th style="border-top: double; text-align:center; font-style:normal; font-weight:bold; padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; "> </th> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: double; text-align:center; font-style:normal; font-weight:bold; padding:0.2cm; ">relative vot z</th> </tr> <tr> <td style=" text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid; font-style:italic; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; ">Predictors</td> <td style=" text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid; font-style:italic; font-weight:normal; ">Estimates</td> <td style=" text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid; font-style:italic; font-weight:normal; ">CI</td> <td style=" text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid; font-style:italic; font-weight:normal; ">p</td> </tr> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; ">(Intercept)</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">1.14</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">0.81 – 1.48</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; "><strong><0.001</td> </tr> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; ">language [french]</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">-0.34</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">-0.67 – -0.02</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; "><strong>0.038</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; ">language [spanish]</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">-1.19</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">-1.50 – -0.87</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; "><strong><0.001</td> </tr> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; ">text [p]</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">-0.96</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">-1.28 – -0.63</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; "><strong><0.001</td> </tr> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; ">text [t]</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">-0.68</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">-1.01 – -0.36</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; "><strong><0.001</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding-top:.8em;">Random Effects</td> </tr> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm;">σ<sup>2</sup></td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; text-align:left;" colspan="3">0.35</td> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm;">τ<sub>00</sub> <sub>word</sub></td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; text-align:left;" colspan="3">0.10</td> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm;">τ<sub>00</sub> <sub>participant</sub></td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; text-align:left;" colspan="3">0.17</td> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm;">ICC</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; text-align:left;" colspan="3">0.43</td> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm;">N <sub>participant</sub></td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; text-align:left;" colspan="3">23</td> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm;">N <sub>word</sub></td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; text-align:left;" colspan="3">26</td> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; border-top:1px solid;">Observations</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; text-align:left; border-top:1px solid;" colspan="3">561</td> </tr> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm;">Marginal R<sup>2</sup> / Conditional R<sup>2</sup></td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; text-align:left;" colspan="3">0.398 / 0.659</td> </tr> </table> ]] --- # L2 subset - Test of Equivalence .pull-left[ <!-- --> ``` ## TOST results: ## t-value lower bound: -0.0271 p-value lower bound: 0.511 ## t-value upper bound: -2.74 p-value upper bound: 0.004 ## degrees of freedom : 43.29 ## ## Equivalence bounds (Cohen's d): ## low eqbound: -0.4 ## high eqbound: 0.4 ## ## Equivalence bounds (raw scores): ## low eqbound: -0.024 ## high eqbound: 0.024 ## ## TOST confidence interval: ## lower bound 90% CI: -0.054 ## upper bound 90% CI: 0.005 ## ## NHST confidence interval: ## lower bound 95% CI: -0.06 ## upper bound 95% CI: 0.011 ## ## Equivalence Test Result: ## The equivalence test was non-significant, t(43.29) = -0.0271, p = 0.511, given equivalence bounds of -0.024 and 0.024 (on a raw scale) and an alpha of 0.05. ## Null Hypothesis Test Result: ## The null hypothesis test was non-significant, t(43.29) = -1.384, p = 0.174, given an alpha of 0.05. ## Based on the equivalence test and the null-hypothesis test combined, we can conclude that the observed effect is statistically not different from zero and statistically not equivalent to zero. ``` ] --- # Individual differences - L2 subset <!-- --> --- # Results: L1 subset .pull-left[.tiny[ Subsetting procedure: p < .05 French-English t.tests **Heavy L1 influence** n = 16 <!-- --> |language | Relative VOT| SD| |:--------|------------:|-----:| |english | 0.140| 0.058| |french | 0.066| 0.046| |spanish | 0.057| 0.032| ]] .tiny[.pull-right[ <table style="border-collapse:collapse; border:none;"> <tr> <th style="border-top: double; text-align:center; font-style:normal; font-weight:bold; padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; "> </th> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: double; text-align:center; font-style:normal; font-weight:bold; padding:0.2cm; ">relative vot z</th> </tr> <tr> <td style=" text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid; font-style:italic; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; ">Predictors</td> <td style=" text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid; font-style:italic; font-weight:normal; ">Estimates</td> <td style=" text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid; font-style:italic; font-weight:normal; ">CI</td> <td style=" text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid; font-style:italic; font-weight:normal; ">p</td> </tr> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; ">(Intercept)</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">1.31</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">0.96 – 1.66</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; "><strong><0.001</td> </tr> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; ">language [french]</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">-1.13</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">-1.43 – -0.82</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; "><strong><0.001</td> </tr> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; ">language [spanish]</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">-1.39</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">-1.71 – -1.07</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; "><strong><0.001</td> </tr> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; ">text [p]</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">-0.94</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">-1.23 – -0.65</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; "><strong><0.001</td> </tr> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; ">text [t]</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">-0.70</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; ">-0.99 – -0.41</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:center; "><strong><0.001</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding-top:.8em;">Random Effects</td> </tr> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm;">σ<sup>2</sup></td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; text-align:left;" colspan="3">0.28</td> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm;">τ<sub>00</sub> <sub>word</sub></td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; text-align:left;" colspan="3">0.07</td> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm;">τ<sub>00</sub> <sub>participant</sub></td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; text-align:left;" colspan="3">0.23</td> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm;">τ<sub>11</sub> <sub>participant.languagefrench</sub></td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; text-align:left;" colspan="3">0.04</td> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm;">τ<sub>11</sub> <sub>participant.languagespanish</sub></td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; text-align:left;" colspan="3">0.10</td> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm;">ρ<sub>01</sub> <sub>participant.languagefrench</sub></td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; text-align:left;" colspan="3">-1.00</td> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm;">ρ<sub>01</sub> <sub>participant.languagespanish</sub></td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; text-align:left;" colspan="3">-1.00</td> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm;">N <sub>participant</sub></td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; text-align:left;" colspan="3">16</td> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm;">N <sub>word</sub></td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; text-align:left;" colspan="3">26</td> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; border-top:1px solid;">Observations</td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; text-align:left; border-top:1px solid;" colspan="3">388</td> </tr> <tr> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; text-align:left; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm;">Marginal R<sup>2</sup> / Conditional R<sup>2</sup></td> <td style=" padding:0.2cm; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-top:0.1cm; padding-bottom:0.1cm; text-align:left;" colspan="3">0.657 / NA</td> </tr> </table> ]] --- # L1 subset - Test of Equivalence .pull-left[ <!-- --> ``` ## TOST results: ## t-value lower bound: 1.77 p-value lower bound: 0.044 ## t-value upper bound: -0.496 p-value upper bound: 0.312 ## degrees of freedom : 26.6 ## ## Equivalence bounds (Cohen's d): ## low eqbound: -0.4 ## high eqbound: 0.4 ## ## Equivalence bounds (raw scores): ## low eqbound: -0.0159 ## high eqbound: 0.0159 ## ## TOST confidence interval: ## lower bound 90% CI: -0.015 ## upper bound 90% CI: 0.033 ## ## NHST confidence interval: ## lower bound 95% CI: -0.02 ## upper bound 95% CI: 0.038 ## ## Equivalence Test Result: ## The equivalence test was non-significant, t(26.6) = -0.496, p = 0.312, given equivalence bounds of -0.0159 and 0.0159 (on a raw scale) and an alpha of 0.05. ## Null Hypothesis Test Result: ## The null hypothesis test was non-significant, t(26.6) = 0.635, p = 0.531, given an alpha of 0.05. ## Based on the equivalence test and the null-hypothesis test combined, we can conclude that the observed effect is statistically not different from zero and statistically not equivalent to zero. ``` ] --- # Individual Differences - L1 subset <!-- --> --- # Future directions and questions - It can't be supported with this data alone that the differences in the subsets were due to CLI and not the phonetic properties of the stimuli .pull-left[ <!-- --> ] .pull-right[ <!-- --> ] --- # Future directions and questions - Why could the two subsets have behaved differently? - Metalinguistic knowledge? - Phonetic talent? - L3 German could provide insights.